Migraine: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Migraine - A recurring, often one-sided throbbing headache with nausea and sensitivity to light or sound.

What is Migraine?

Migraine is a common neurological condition causing repeated attacks of moderate to severe headache, often throbbing and on one side. Attacks typically last 4-72 hours and may come with nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound. About a third of people have an aura before the headache, such as zigzag lines or flashing lights. Migraine is more common in women and often runs in families.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Genetic tendency
• Hormonal changes such as periods
• Stress or relief after stress
• Missed meals or poor sleep
• Bright lights, strong smells
• Some foods or alcohol in some people

Signs and Symptoms

• Throbbing headache, often one side
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sensitivity to light, sound or smell
• Visual aura before the attack
• Tiredness after the attack

Red Flags: When to See a Doctor Urgently

Diagnosis: Tests, Lab and Imaging

Diagnosis is usually based on history and examination. A headache diary helps. Scans are only needed when warning signs are present.

Treatment and Medicines

Attacks can be treated early with paracetamol, ibuprofen or aspirin, and if needed triptans prescribed by a doctor. Anti-sickness medicine may help. People with frequent attacks may benefit from preventive medicines. Avoid using painkillers on more than 10-15 days a month, as this can cause medication-overuse headache.

Emergency

If you notice any red-flag sign, call 1122 (Pakistan), 911 (USA), 999 (UK) or 112 (Europe), or go to the nearest emergency department. See our emergency first aid guide.

Complications

Medication-overuse headache and reduced quality of life.

Prevention

• Regular sleep and meals
• Stay hydrated
• Track and avoid triggers
• Manage stress; regular exercise

Outlook and Follow-up

Migraine can be well controlled with the right plan, and attacks often lessen with age.

Patient Education

Write down your questions before appointments, bring a list of all medicines, and ask what results mean for you. Use our symptom checker to learn which departments relate to your symptoms. This Migraine guide is educational and reviewed against WHO, CDC and NIH sources by the ghkh.site editorial team.

Frequently Asked Questions