Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) - A long-term condition causing dry, itchy, inflamed skin that flares and settles over time.
What is Eczema?
Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a common skin condition that makes skin dry, itchy, red and cracked. It often starts in childhood and may improve with age, but can continue into adulthood. The skin barrier does not hold moisture well, so irritants and allergens get in more easily. Eczema often occurs with asthma and hay fever.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Family history of eczema, asthma or allergies
- Dry skin and weak skin barrier
- Soaps, detergents and fragrances
- Heat, sweat and wool
- Stress
- Certain allergens in some people
Signs and Symptoms
- Itchy, dry skin
- Red or darker patches depending on skin tone
- Cracked, weeping or crusted areas in flares
- Thickened skin from scratching
- Common on elbows, knees, face and hands
Red Flags: When to See a Doctor Urgently
- Painful, rapidly worsening eczema with blisters or fever (possible infection or eczema herpeticum - urgent)
- Yellow crusts or pus
- Eczema not improving with treatment
Diagnosis: Tests, Lab and Imaging
Diagnosis is clinical. Allergy tests are sometimes used if food or contact allergy is suspected.
Treatment and Medicines
Daily emollients (moisturisers) are the foundation. Topical corticosteroids reduce flares, used as directed. Antihistamines like cetirizine may help sleep if itch is severe. Infected eczema may need antibiotics. Severe cases may need specialist treatments.
Emergency
If you notice any red-flag sign, call 1122 (Pakistan), 911 (USA), 999 (UK) or 112 (Europe), or go to the nearest emergency department. See our emergency first aid guide.
Complications
Skin infections, sleep loss and emotional impact.
Prevention
- Use moisturiser generously every day
- Use soap substitutes
- Avoid known irritants
- Keep nails short to limit scratch damage
Outlook and Follow-up
Eczema can be controlled well with daily skincare and flare plans.
Patient Education
Write down your questions before appointments, bring a list of all medicines, and ask what results mean for you. Use our symptom checker to learn which departments relate to your symptoms. This Eczema guide is educational and reviewed against WHO, CDC and NIH sources by the ghkh.site editorial team.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is eczema contagious?
No.
Are steroid creams safe?
When used as directed, they are safe and effective for flares.
Does diet cause eczema?
Diet is rarely the main cause; do not cut out foods without advice.
Sources
We summarise these sources in our own words. Mention of an organisation does not imply endorsement.